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Sentence Structure

 

 

 

 

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Sentence Structure, part 1

 

There are five basic sentence types. All clauses and sentences can be built out of these types. All these sentence types have a subject and a verb. What distinguishes each type is the type of verb complement or complements, which are the elements following (“completing”) the verb.

 

Types

 

Examples [1]

Subject + action verb

S  V

All amplitude-modulation (AM) receivers work in the same way.

Subject + linking verb + subject complement

S  V  SC

The chain reaction is the basis of nuclear power.

Subject + verb + direct object

S  V  DO

Later builders on the site of Troy destroyed the remains of the citadel.

Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

S  V   IO  DO

Austin, Texas, has recently built its citizens a system of bike lanes.

Subject + verb + direct object + object complement

S  V   DO  OC

The artist painted the walls of his studio black.

 

Note: Many errors occur because of a missing subject, verb, or complement, or because the complement type does not satisfy the “selection restrictions” of the verb. When you learn a verb, you learn not only its meaning, but also the range of complement types it can and cannot take.

Here are the sentence elements defined:

 

Subject. The subject of a sentence is that noun, pronoun, or phrase or clause about which the sentence makes a statement.

 

Einstein's general theory of relativity has been subjected to many tests of validity over the years.
 

Verb phrase / Predicate. The predicate is the rest of the sentence coming after the subject. It can include the main verb, subject complement, direct object, indirect object, or object complement.

The pressure in a pressurized water reactor varies from system to system.
 

Subject complement. The subject complement is that noun, pronoun, adjective, phrase, or clause that comes after a linking verb (some form of the be verb):

 

The maximum allowable concentration is ten parts H2S per million parts breathable air.
 

Direct object. A direct object — a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun — takes the action of the main verb. A direct object can be identified by putting what?, which?, or whom? in its place.

 

The housing assembly of a mechanical pencil contains the mechanical workings of the pencil.
 

Indirect Object. An indirect object — a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun — receives the action expressed in the sentence. It can be identified by inserting to or for.

 

In the application letter, tell the potential employer that a resume accompanies the letter.
 

Object complement. An object complement — a noun or adjective coming after a direct object — adds detail to the direct object. To identify object complements, insert [to be] between the direct object and object complement.

 

The supervisor found the program faulty. [2]

 

Links:

 

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

       

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

 

 Sentence Structure, part 2

 

Complement missing

 

Incorrect:

In the application letter, tell the potential employer that a resume accompanies.

Correct:

In the application letter, tell the potential employer that a resume accompanies it.

Correct:

In the application letter, tell the potential employer that a resume accompanies the letter. [3]

 

 

Further Reading:

In Read, Write, Edit: Grammar for College Writers, see pages 141-148

 

Links:

 

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

 

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

Sentence Structure, part 3

 

Complement of the wrong grammatical type

 

Incorrect:

The company considers the new computer as a major breakthrough.

Incorrect:

The company considers that the new computer is a major breakthrough.

Correct:

The company considers the new computer to be a major breakthrough.

Correct:

The company considers the new computer a major breakthrough.[4]

 

Further Reading:

In Read, Write, Edit: Grammar for College Writers, see pages 141-148

 

Links:

 

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

 

 

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

 

 

 

Sentence Structure, part 4

 

Delete an unnecessary pronoun

 

Incorrect:

The pressure in a pressurized water reactor, it varies from system to system. (double subject)

Correct:

The pressure in a pressurized water reactor varies from system to system. [5] (redundant subject pronoun deleted)

Incorrect:

The crate, which it was left in the corridor, has now been moved into the storage closet. (double subject)

Correct:

The crate, which was left in the corridor, has now been moved into the storage closet. (redundant subject pronoun deleted)

Correct:

The crate—it was left in the corridor—has now been moved into the storage closet. (redundant relative clause pronoun deleted) [6]

 

 

Further Reading:

In Read, Write, Edit: Grammar for College Writers, see pages 141-148

   

Links:

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

 

 

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sentence Structure, part 5

 

Delete unnecessary words

 

Further Reading:

In Read, Write, Edit: Grammar for College Writers, see pages 141-148

 

Links:

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

 

 

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top 

 

 

 

Sentence Structure, part 6

 

 

Double Verb

 

Further Reading:

In Read, Write, Edit: Grammar for College Writers, see pages 141-148

 

Links:

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

Using Do, Does, and Did

 

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sentence Structure, part 7

 

Problem with comparative or equative structure

 

Further Reading:

In Writing Clearly: An Editing Guide (2nd edition), see pages 244-245

 

Links:

Comparative Clauses @ The Internet Grammar of English

Comparative, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Next article

Footnotes

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Sentence Structure, part 8

 

Pronoun missing

 

Incorrect

I don’t think is a good idea.

Correct

I don’t think it is a good idea.

Correct

I don’t think it’s a good idea.

 

Links:

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

 

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

 

 

Sentence Structure, part 9

 

Unnecessary complement

 

Further Reading:

In Read, Write, Edit: Grammar for College Writers, see pages 141-148

 

Links:

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

 

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sentence Structure, part 10

 

Verb Missing

 

Make sure that every sentence has a subject and a verb.

 

Incorrect: 

It sobering to consider the swift decline of the ancient Maya, who 1,200 years ago were themselves the most advanced society in the Western Hemisphere, and who, like us now, were then at the apex of their own power and numbers.

Correct:

It's sobering to consider the swift decline of the ancient Maya, who 1,200 years ago were themselves the most advanced society in the Western Hemisphere, and who, like us now, were then at the apex of their own power and numbers.

Correct:

It is sobering to consider the swift decline of the ancient Maya, who 1,200 years ago were themselves the most advanced society in the Western Hemisphere, and who, like us now, were then at the apex of their own power and numbers. [7]

Incorrect: 

Each year, we visited the lagoon where the gray whales that swim up to the little dories, called pangas.

Correct:

Each year, we visited the lagoon where there are gray whales that swim up to the little dories, called pangas.

Correct:

Each year, we visited the lagoon where the gray whales swim up to the little dories, called pangas. [8]

 

 

 

Links:

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

 

Next article

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

 

 

Sentence Structure, part 11

 

Word or words missing

 

Links:

The Structure of a Sentence

Questions

Direct & Indirect Questions

Negatives

Negative Phrases

Appositives

 

 

Footnotes

Back to top

 

 

 

 

Topics:

Agreement

Articles

Clauses

Coherence

Collocations

Format

Meaning

Mechanics

Nouns/Pronouns

Organizing

Parallelism

Passive

Prepositions

Quoting

Sentence

Verbs

Words

 

 

 



 

Footnotes

 

[1] Source: Online Technical Writing: Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. By David A. McMurrey. http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/twsent.html.

[2] Source: Online Technical Writing: Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. By David A. McMurrey. http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/twsent.html.

[3] Adapted from: Online Technical Writing: Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. By David A. McMurrey. http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/twsent.html.

[4] Adapted from: Online Technical Writing: Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. By David A. McMurrey. http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/twsent.html.

[5] Adapted from: Online Technical Writing: Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. By David A. McMurrey. http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/twsent.html.

[5]

[6] Adapted from: http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#relpron

[7] Source: The Last Americans: Environmental Collapse and the End of Civilization, by Jared Diamond. Harper's Magazine, June 2003.

[8] Source: Reynolds, Susan Salter  (2003). “Hunting Whales in West L.A.: Political Correctness, Cultural Imperialism and the Long, Long Journey for the Real Taste of Blubber.” Los Angeles Times, April 27, 2003.